The skin drives how the body can respond to threats not only directly to the skin but also to other mucosal tissues (lung, gut, etc.).  The biomedical field is recognizing that targeting the skin, via intradermal (ID) administration, can be utilized more actively in preventing and treating disease in a manner that not only is effective but also minimizes off-target or safety concerns.  However, most ID methods still lack targeting efficiency needed to maximize efficacy and reduce side effects.